C
Created by American Denis Ritchie in the 1970s. Gives low-level access to memory.
C++
C with OOP. Released in 1985 by Danish Bjarne Stroustrup.
Java
Maintained by Oracle and first released in 1995. Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA). The source code is compiled to bytecode that can run on any computer with the JVM.
JavaScript
Other than the name and the same release year not that much in common with Java. Websites for client-side behaviour overwhelmingly use it.
C#
Based on Java and created by Microsoft in 2000.
Python
Released by Dutch Guido von Rossum in 1991, it is a dynamically typed language which is especially dominantly used for Machine Learning.
php
Created in the mid-90s, it usually runs on a webserver. Stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.
Visual Basic
Microsoft’s version from BASIC, initially. A new product, also called Visual Basic, sometimes referred to VB.NET has also been developed by Microsoft and is more closely to C# with Visual Basic Syntax. Visual Studio is the primary IDE for both.
Ruby
Created in the mid-1990s for an elegant developing backend for webapps. Similar usecase as php or Node.js.
Perl
Used primarily for scripting and system administration. Created in the late 1980s.
Go
Developed by Google, commonly used for DevOps and cloud infrastructure. Created in 2009.
Swift
Mainly used for developing in the Apple Ecosystem: iOS or MacOS apps. Introduced in 2014.
Kotlin
Influenced by Java and mainly used for Android app development.
Dart
Cross-platform apps with Flutter use Dart. Developed by Google.
Scala
A language using the JVM.
Rust
Security-critical code and memory safety.
Groovy
JVM Scripting and CI/CD (with Jenkins).
Objective-C
The old way of writing Apple ecosystem apps.
R
Mainly used for statistics.
MATLAB
Used for mathematical and engineering processes. Array indexing starts with 1.